Moreover, it seems that Straub did not fully accept Langley's work as a contribution to the field of pharmacology. As late as 1938, Straub addressed the International Congress of Physiologists in Zurich with the following statement:… I may perhaps remind you that there are two types of pharmacologist: those who study the living organism with a chemical substance, for example Claude Bernard with curare or Langley with nicotine, and such who use a living organism to study a chemical substance; the former practise physiology, the latter pharmacology[20]!