Recently the term “Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome” (IRIS) has been created to recognise the improvement of the immune system generally seen a few weeks after the initiation of HAART. Paradoxically, IRIS also results in a decline in clinical status and is predominantly associated with a huge rise in the CD4 T-lymphocyte count as well as a reduction in the peripheral HIV RNA viral load. If IRIS is untreated and affects the CNS, then it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Recently, IRIS fatally affected two patients with HIV dementia, despite control of the virus in the periphery (Nath and Sacktor, 2006).