cDNA from eyes injected with saline, naked DNA (A) or nanoparticle DNA (B) at PI-2 through PI-120 was prepared and analyzed by qRT-PCR to determine relative Rds mRNA levels. Because Rds primers amplify from the NMP (nanoparticle) and the WT (endogenous) allele but not from the Rds mutant allele, expression values are reported as fold change from the uninjected contralateral control eye. Values shown are averages±S.D. (N = 3–6 mice per group). (A) Injection of saline or naked DNA does not alter Rds message levels at any time point. (B) Conversely, injection of both CBA-NMP and IRBP-NMP compacted DNA nanoparticles leads to a significant, two- to four-fold increase in total Rds message level compared to the naked DNA injected eyes (*p<0.001, **p<0.05. This increase persists through the last time point examined (PI-120).