Nineteen Y-chromosomal STRs (DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS434, DYS435, DYS436, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS460, DYS461, DYS462) were typed in three multiplexes, as described previously,46 on an ABI3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Allele nomenclature is as reported by Bosch et al.,46 and DYS385a and DYS385b were omitted from statistical analyses.