Insights into the Regulation of TNF-α Production in Human Mononuclear Cells: The Effects of Non-Specific Phosphodiesterase Inhibition 

Abstract
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibition on transcription factor activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human mononuclear cells.

INTRODUCTION
The production of TNF-α following LPS stimulation is one of the key steps in bacterial sepsis and inflammation. The mechanism