Future research directions
Even though the research literature in ADHD is vast and growing much remains to be done.
Etiology and Pathogenesis: The etiology and pathogenesis of ADHD is still in its infancy. Genetic and neurobiology research using modern technology will hopefully clarify these issues in the future. Epidemiology of Adult ADHD: There is one large study conducted in the U.S. by Kessler et al 2006. Epidemiological studies of adults ADHD in other parts of the world are totally lacking. Appropriate Diagnostic Criteria: DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for adults with ADHD are derived from child studies or clinical presentation of children and are therefore not appropriate for adults. Diagnostic field trials of adults need to be carried out to arrive at appropriate criteria for diagnosing adults with ADHD. Currently its unclear how adults diagnosed as children with ADHD differ from those who are newly diagnosed in adulthood. We know little about the impairment of adults who do not currently meet all diagnostic criteria and have a “subclinical diagnosis”. Comorbidity: We need to learn better ways to decrease comorbidity in adults with ADHD and to treat it more effectively when it does occur. Duration of Treatment and Follow up: More research is needed to determine optimal duration of treatment and optimal frequency, type and lenght of follow up. It’s clear that short term treatment is effective, but we need to determine how to translate this efficacy into long term positive outcome for patients and their families.  In summary there is still much to be done in the area of ADHD in adulthood.