Because of the GP-induced band shifts to seven sites from the TNFα, IL-8, IL-6 and IFNγ promoters, it could be assumed that GP treatment of human PBMC would lead to production of TNFα, IL-8, IL-6, IFNγ and other pro-inflammatory mediators. Previous studies reported that β-1→3-D-glucans induced only a limited cytokine secretion of human blood cells [15-18]. Corroborating and extending these singular findings in terms of examining pro- (eight) as well as anti- (three) inflammatory cytokines over time (48 h) and six additional transcription factor binding sites, our comprehensive analysis revealed the following cytokine profile of human leukocytes in response to a highly purified water soluble β-1→3-D-glucan and in comparison to two pro-inflammatory mediators (LPS, TSST-1):