For her master's thesis in nursing, Longfield (37) conducted a quasi-experimental study measuring the effects on mood and pain in hospice patients receiving music therapy. Eight adult subjects diagnosed with cancer comprised their own control group and received music therapy via taped recordings and a headset for 45 min day−1 for 5 days. The pre-test and post-test measurements used the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SFMPQ) and the Linear Analog Self-Assessment Scale (LASA). All subjects were prescribed narcotic pain medications and continued taking medications as prescribed during the study. Inferential statistics (paired t-tests) were used to compare difference scores from pre-test to post-test. There was a significant decrease in pain (P < 0.001) as measured by the SFMPQ, and scores from the LASA showed a positive increase in mood for fatigue, anxiety and energy. The author concluded that although her study supported the use of music therapy, further research with larger sample sizes was necessary.