Figures and Tables
Table 1  Empirical studies in hospice/palliative care music therapy
Author  Year  Publication type  Research design  Randomization   n  Dependent variables
Curtis  1986  Journal  Alternating treatment  Yes  9  Pain relief and relaxation
Whittall  1989  Conference proceedings  Pilot study; pre/post test  No  8  Heart and respiratory rate, extremity temperature
Calovini  1993  Master's thesis  Pre/post test  No  11  State anxiety
Longfield  1995  Master's thesis  Quasi-experimental pre/post test  No  8  Mood and pain
Abbott  1995  Master's thesis  Pre/post test  No  28  Quality of life
Gallagher  2001  Journal  Pilot study ex post facto pre/post test  No  90  Pain, mood, anxiety, shortness of breath
Krout  2001  Journal  Pre/post test  No  80  Comfort, pain, relaxation
Hilliard  2003  Journal  Clinical trial  Yes  80  Quality and length of life; time of death
Wlodarczyk  2003  Master's thesis  ABAB; counter-balance  No  10  Spirituality
Batzner  2003  Master's thesis  Experimental  Yes  15  Discomfort behaviors
Hilliard  In press  Journal  Ex post facto  No  80  Time and duration of MT provided; needs treated by MT
ABAB, session A consisted of cognitive-behavioral music therapy (30 min) and session B consisted of a non-music visit (30 min); MT, music therapy.
Table 2  Studies with significant differences
Author  Year  Variable(s) with significance   n  Statistical analysis
Longfield  1995  Pain, fatigue, anxiety, energy  8  Paired t-tests
Gallagher  2001  Pain, mood, anxiety  90  Wilcoxcon signed rank test
Krout  2001  Pain, physical comfort, relaxation  80  One-tailed t-tests
Wlodarczyk  2003  Spirituality  10  Two-tailed Walsh test
Hilliard  2003  Quality of life  80  Repeated measures and two-way ANOVA; t-tests
Hilliard  2004  Time and duration of treatment; length of life  80  Independent samples t-test; paired samples t-test