In an empirical study of single-session music therapy, Krout (39) studied the effects of music therapy on pain, physical comfort and relaxation among 80 hospice patients over a total of 90 sessions. Although the number of sessions ranged from one to four for each subject, the average number was one session (74 subjects received only single sessions). Subjects had been referred to music therapy and had a wide range of diagnoses; they were being served in the hospital, their own homes, nursing homes, assisted living facilities and an in-patient hospice setting. Patient data were collected in two ways: independent observation and self-reporting. Music therapy sessions were provided in unique ways for each patient, based on individual clinical needs; however, active and passive experiences were utilized with live music. Using one-tailed t-tests, data analysis indicated a significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) for observer-rated changes in pain, physical comfort and relaxation after the music therapy sessions. From the self-rated changes there was also a significant difference (P ≤ 0.005) on the three dependent variables. The author recognized the following limitations of the study: the treatment strategy used multiple interventions, data were observed primarily over single sessions rather than evaluating the effects of multiple sessions over time and the data were not compared with interventions not based on music therapy.