Reagents
Recombinant IL-17, IL-18, IL-15, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were purchased from R & D systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Recombinant transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was purchased from Peprotech (London, UK). Recombinant TNF-α and IL-1 were purchased from Endogen Inc. (Cambridge, MA, USA). Cyclosporin A was provided by Sandos Ltd. (Basel, Switzerland). Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), rapamycin, dexamethasone and curcumin were all obtained from the Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MA, USA). Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). LY294002, SB203580, FK506, wortmannin and PD98059 were obtained from Calbiochem (Schwalbach, Germany).