RV and RSV primarily infect airway epithelial cells, activating inflammatory pathways and increasing proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL5 (RANTES), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and CCL3 (MIP-1a) (31) .