Pneumocystis colonization was associated with a lower CD4 count (median [IQR]: 144 (42-308) cells/mm 3 vs. 320 (169-492) cells/mm 3 ; P = 0.007), a higher HIV plasma viral load (1.97 × 10 5 [1.02 × 10 5 -4.24 × 10 5 ] vs. 3.59 × 10 4 (1.28 × 10 4 -7.89 × 10 4 ) HIV RNA copies/mL; P < 0.001), and receipt of steroid treatment (P = 0.03).