This potentiation is accomplished by a clustering-dependent increase in the association of syndecan-4 with both PIP 2 and PKCα, resulting in the formation of a multimeric ternary complex of these three molecules (Bass and Humphries, 2002; Lim et al., 2003) . Syndecan-4 clustering also induces the activation of Rho family GTPases and FAK, leading to substantial reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton downstream from syndecan-4 multimerization (Yoneda and Couchman, 2003) .