A variety of other cytokines are also implicated in MS and animal models of MS, including TNFα (Arnett et al., 2001 (Arnett et al., , 2003 Paya et al., 1990) , CNTF (Linker et al., 2002) , leukemia inhibitory factor (Butzkueven et al., 2002) , oncostatin M (Repovic et al., 2003) , IL-10 (Petereit et al., 2003) , and IL-4 (Hulshof et al., 2002) , and a number of these cytokines use the common gp130 signal transduction module described previously.