• Are camels the source of sporadic human infections and if so, why is MERS-CoV seroprevalence among humans working closely with camels, so low? • What is the route of transmission to humans and between humans and what is the best personal protective equipment to be adopted by frontline HCWs? • Which hospital IPC measures are insufficient or insufficiently employed to halt the transmission of MERS-CoV and what is the extent of transmission and clinical impact of, and nosocomial infection by, other co-occurring respiratory viruses in these settings in the KSA? • Why are males more often afflicted than females?