CORD-19-Sentences  

CORD-19:e47d1f361bc4007b3fd859fd80fda5b40cc4a684 JSONTXT 8 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
TextSentencer_T1 0-96 Sentence denotes Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old neonatal piglets infected with porcine Deltacoronavirus
TextSentencer_T1 0-96 Sentence denotes Expression profile analysis of 5-day-old neonatal piglets infected with porcine Deltacoronavirus
TextSentencer_T2 98-106 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T2 98-106 Sentence denotes Abstract
TextSentencer_T3 107-118 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T3 107-118 Sentence denotes Background:
TextSentencer_T4 119-218 Sentence denotes Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel coronavirus that can cause diarrhea in nursing piglets.
TextSentencer_T4 119-218 Sentence denotes Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel coronavirus that can cause diarrhea in nursing piglets.
TextSentencer_T5 219-346 Sentence denotes This study was aimed to investigate the roles of host differentially expressed genes on metabolic pathways in PDCoV infections.
TextSentencer_T5 219-346 Sentence denotes This study was aimed to investigate the roles of host differentially expressed genes on metabolic pathways in PDCoV infections.
TextSentencer_T6 347-355 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T6 347-355 Sentence denotes Results:
TextSentencer_T7 356-508 Sentence denotes Twenty thousand six hundred seventy-four differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in 5-day-old piglets responded to PDCoV experimental infections.
TextSentencer_T7 356-508 Sentence denotes Twenty thousand six hundred seventy-four differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in 5-day-old piglets responded to PDCoV experimental infections.
TextSentencer_T8 509-691 Sentence denotes Many of these genes were correlated to the basic metabolism, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway which plays a critical role in digestion.
TextSentencer_T8 509-691 Sentence denotes Many of these genes were correlated to the basic metabolism, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway which plays a critical role in digestion.
TextSentencer_T9 692-843 Sentence denotes At the same time, in the PPAR pathway genes of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family members were observed with remarkably differential expressions.
TextSentencer_T9 692-843 Sentence denotes At the same time, in the PPAR pathway genes of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family members were observed with remarkably differential expressions.
TextSentencer_T10 844-958 Sentence denotes The differential expressed genes were associated with appetite decrease and weight loss of PDCoV-affected piglets.
TextSentencer_T10 844-958 Sentence denotes The differential expressed genes were associated with appetite decrease and weight loss of PDCoV-affected piglets.
TextSentencer_T11 959-970 Sentence denotes Discussion:
TextSentencer_T11 959-970 Sentence denotes Discussion:
TextSentencer_T12 971-1085 Sentence denotes Fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) and fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) were found to be regulated by PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T12 971-1085 Sentence denotes Fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) and fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) were found to be regulated by PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T13 1086-1336 Sentence denotes These two genes not only mediate fatty acid transportation to different cell organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, but also modulate fatty acid metabolism and storage as a signaling molecule outside the cell.
TextSentencer_T13 1086-1336 Sentence denotes These two genes not only mediate fatty acid transportation to different cell organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, but also modulate fatty acid metabolism and storage as a signaling molecule outside the cell.
TextSentencer_T14 1337-1497 Sentence denotes Therefore, it can be preliminarily concluded that PPAR differential expression caused by PDCoV was mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation.
TextSentencer_T14 1337-1497 Sentence denotes Therefore, it can be preliminarily concluded that PPAR differential expression caused by PDCoV was mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation.
TextSentencer_T15 1498-1510 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T15 1498-1510 Sentence denotes Conclusions:
TextSentencer_T16 1511-1655 Sentence denotes The host differentially expressed genes were associated with infection response, metabolism signaling and organismal systems signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T16 1511-1655 Sentence denotes The host differentially expressed genes were associated with infection response, metabolism signaling and organismal systems signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T17 1656-1789 Sentence denotes The genes of FABP family members in the PPAR signaling pathway were the most highly altered and played important roles in metabolism.
TextSentencer_T17 1656-1789 Sentence denotes The genes of FABP family members in the PPAR signaling pathway were the most highly altered and played important roles in metabolism.
TextSentencer_T18 1790-1887 Sentence denotes Alteration of these genes were most likely the reason of weight loss and other clinical symptoms.
TextSentencer_T18 1790-1887 Sentence denotes Alteration of these genes were most likely the reason of weight loss and other clinical symptoms.
TextSentencer_T19 1888-1988 Sentence denotes Our results provided new insights into the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T19 1888-1988 Sentence denotes Our results provided new insights into the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T20 1990-2073 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded, positive-sense and enveloped RNA viruses.
TextSentencer_T20 1990-2073 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded, positive-sense and enveloped RNA viruses.
TextSentencer_T21 2074-2188 Sentence denotes The Coronaviridae contains at least four major genera that includes Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta coronavirus [1] .
TextSentencer_T21 2074-2188 Sentence denotes The Coronaviridae contains at least four major genera that includes Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta coronavirus [1] .
TextSentencer_T22 2189-2302 Sentence denotes In 2009, Delta coronaviruses was first discovered from a wide range of domestic and wild birds in Hong Kong [2] .
TextSentencer_T22 2189-2302 Sentence denotes In 2009, Delta coronaviruses was first discovered from a wide range of domestic and wild birds in Hong Kong [2] .
TextSentencer_T23 2303-2458 Sentence denotes And in 2012, Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was reported from rectal swabs from pigs in Hong Kong, represented by strains of HKU15-155 and HKU15-44 [3] .
TextSentencer_T23 2303-2458 Sentence denotes And in 2012, Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was reported from rectal swabs from pigs in Hong Kong, represented by strains of HKU15-155 and HKU15-44 [3] .
TextSentencer_T24 2459-2760 Sentence denotes PDCoV identified from pigs can cause severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in piglets, which are similar to the symptoms of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), except the mortality rate of PDCoV infection lower than those of PEDV or TGEV [4, 5] .
TextSentencer_T24 2459-2760 Sentence denotes PDCoV identified from pigs can cause severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in piglets, which are similar to the symptoms of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), except the mortality rate of PDCoV infection lower than those of PEDV or TGEV [4, 5] .
TextSentencer_T25 2761-2973 Sentence denotes So far, PDCoV has circulated in pigs in Hong Kong, North America, South Korea, Thailand and some provinces of Mainland China, which has resulted in huge economic losses for the global swine industry [6] [7] [8] .
TextSentencer_T25 2761-2973 Sentence denotes So far, PDCoV has circulated in pigs in Hong Kong, North America, South Korea, Thailand and some provinces of Mainland China, which has resulted in huge economic losses for the global swine industry [6] [7] [8] .
TextSentencer_T26 2974-3087 Sentence denotes There have been numerous studies examining the pathogenesis and host response to PDCoV infections [9] [10] [11] .
TextSentencer_T26 2974-3087 Sentence denotes There have been numerous studies examining the pathogenesis and host response to PDCoV infections [9] [10] [11] .
TextSentencer_T27 3088-3303 Sentence denotes For example, the recent study showed that binding of PDCoV to an interspecies conserved site on aminopeptidase N (APN) may facilitate the direct transmission of PDCoV to nonreservoir species, including humans [12] .
TextSentencer_T27 3088-3303 Sentence denotes For example, the recent study showed that binding of PDCoV to an interspecies conserved site on aminopeptidase N (APN) may facilitate the direct transmission of PDCoV to nonreservoir species, including humans [12] .
TextSentencer_T28 3304-3570 Sentence denotes Although there is no relevant report illustrating that PDCoV has the possibility of cross-species transmission between animals and humans, it is significant to improve the awareness about biosecurity and imperative to research and analysis the pathogenesis of PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T28 3304-3570 Sentence denotes Although there is no relevant report illustrating that PDCoV has the possibility of cross-species transmission between animals and humans, it is significant to improve the awareness about biosecurity and imperative to research and analysis the pathogenesis of PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T29 3571-3670 Sentence denotes So far, there are no relevant studies about the expression profile of PDCoV, especially on animals.
TextSentencer_T29 3571-3670 Sentence denotes So far, there are no relevant studies about the expression profile of PDCoV, especially on animals.
TextSentencer_T30 3671-3771 Sentence denotes In this study, mRNA transcriptome of 5-day-old piglets responded to PDCoV infections was identified.
TextSentencer_T30 3671-3771 Sentence denotes In this study, mRNA transcriptome of 5-day-old piglets responded to PDCoV infections was identified.
TextSentencer_T31 3772-3922 Sentence denotes A number of genes associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway were significantly differentially expressed.
TextSentencer_T31 3772-3922 Sentence denotes A number of genes associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway were significantly differentially expressed.
TextSentencer_T32 3923-4036 Sentence denotes The results would provide new information regarding the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T32 3923-4036 Sentence denotes The results would provide new information regarding the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T33 4037-4282 Sentence denotes The swine testicular cell (ST) (ATCC-CRL 1746) were kept in our laboratory and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, HyClone) in T-flasks (25 cm 2 ) with 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone) at 37°C within 5% CO 2 incubator.
TextSentencer_T33 4037-4282 Sentence denotes The swine testicular cell (ST) (ATCC-CRL 1746) were kept in our laboratory and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, HyClone) in T-flasks (25 cm 2 ) with 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone) at 37°C within 5% CO 2 incubator.
TextSentencer_T34 4283-4442 Sentence denotes Monolayer cells were washed three times with DMEM and then were infected with PDCoV CHN-GD16-05 (GenBank accession no.KY363868.1) strain at a MOI of 1.5 [13] .
TextSentencer_T34 4283-4442 Sentence denotes Monolayer cells were washed three times with DMEM and then were infected with PDCoV CHN-GD16-05 (GenBank accession no.KY363868.1) strain at a MOI of 1.5 [13] .
TextSentencer_T35 4443-4585 Sentence denotes When ST cells developed > 80% cytopathic effects (CPE) at 36 h post-infection (hpi), virus harvested with a titer of 1.0 × 10^8.6 TCID 50 /mL.
TextSentencer_T35 4443-4585 Sentence denotes When ST cells developed > 80% cytopathic effects (CPE) at 36 h post-infection (hpi), virus harvested with a titer of 1.0 × 10^8.6 TCID 50 /mL.
TextSentencer_T36 4586-4648 Sentence denotes Finally, PDCoV was propagated in ST cells until sixth passage.
TextSentencer_T36 4586-4648 Sentence denotes Finally, PDCoV was propagated in ST cells until sixth passage.
TextSentencer_T37 4649-4729 Sentence denotes A total of 35 piglets that were 5-day-old were purchased form a commercial farm.
TextSentencer_T37 4649-4729 Sentence denotes A total of 35 piglets that were 5-day-old were purchased form a commercial farm.
TextSentencer_T38 4730-4870 Sentence denotes Rectal swabs from these piglets were collected to detect PDCoV, TGEV and PEDV by virus-specific PCRs, which indicating the negative results.
TextSentencer_T38 4730-4870 Sentence denotes Rectal swabs from these piglets were collected to detect PDCoV, TGEV and PEDV by virus-specific PCRs, which indicating the negative results.
TextSentencer_T39 4871-5007 Sentence denotes Then 35 piglets were divided into two groups, the experimental group containing 20 piglets and the mock-control group including 15 pigs.
TextSentencer_T39 4871-5007 Sentence denotes Then 35 piglets were divided into two groups, the experimental group containing 20 piglets and the mock-control group including 15 pigs.
TextSentencer_T40 5008-5198 Sentence denotes Piglets in the experimental group were inoculated with PDCoV(CHN-GD16-05) with 5 ml at 1.0 × 10^8.6 TCID 50 /mL by oral administration, and weighted every day during the experimental period.
TextSentencer_T40 5008-5198 Sentence denotes Piglets in the experimental group were inoculated with PDCoV(CHN-GD16-05) with 5 ml at 1.0 × 10^8.6 TCID 50 /mL by oral administration, and weighted every day during the experimental period.
TextSentencer_T41 5199-5389 Sentence denotes Fecal samples were collected by cotton swabs from all piglets on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) and then were put into the EP tubes of 2 mL containing DMEM.
TextSentencer_T41 5199-5389 Sentence denotes Fecal samples were collected by cotton swabs from all piglets on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) and then were put into the EP tubes of 2 mL containing DMEM.
TextSentencer_T42 5390-5627 Sentence denotes The small intestine including duodenum, jejunum and ileum from 18 PDCoV-inoculated piglets were collected and examined for gross lesions at early (2 dpi), mid-onset (4 dpi) and late onset (11 dpi), with six piglets detected for each dpi.
TextSentencer_T42 5390-5627 Sentence denotes The small intestine including duodenum, jejunum and ileum from 18 PDCoV-inoculated piglets were collected and examined for gross lesions at early (2 dpi), mid-onset (4 dpi) and late onset (11 dpi), with six piglets detected for each dpi.
TextSentencer_T43 5628-5760 Sentence denotes As the same time, the gene expression profiling was also analyzed for these 18 infected piglets and 15 piglets in the control group.
TextSentencer_T43 5628-5760 Sentence denotes As the same time, the gene expression profiling was also analyzed for these 18 infected piglets and 15 piglets in the control group.
TextSentencer_T44 5761-5947 Sentence denotes After the experiment, piglets was humanely euthanized after intravenous injection of 80 mg/kg body weight sodium pentobar-bital, and a complete necropsy was performed to collect tissues.
TextSentencer_T44 5761-5947 Sentence denotes After the experiment, piglets was humanely euthanized after intravenous injection of 80 mg/kg body weight sodium pentobar-bital, and a complete necropsy was performed to collect tissues.
TextSentencer_T45 5948-6092 Sentence denotes One-step real-time RT-PCR reactions were performed using ABI PRISM 7500 instrument and SYBR Green qPCR SuperMix (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
TextSentencer_T45 5948-6092 Sentence denotes One-step real-time RT-PCR reactions were performed using ABI PRISM 7500 instrument and SYBR Green qPCR SuperMix (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
TextSentencer_T46 6093-6132 Sentence denotes All samples were assayed in triplicate.
TextSentencer_T46 6093-6132 Sentence denotes All samples were assayed in triplicate.
TextSentencer_T47 6133-6249 Sentence denotes Primers were selected and designed using Primer premers 5.0 to generate 160 bp real-time RT-PCR product ( Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T47 6133-6249 Sentence denotes Primers were selected and designed using Primer premers 5.0 to generate 160 bp real-time RT-PCR product ( Table 1 ).
TextSentencer_T48 6250-6367 Sentence denotes The sensitivity of the qRT-PCR assay herein was able to detect approximately 2.0 × 10 1 copies/μL of the PDCoV clone.
TextSentencer_T48 6250-6367 Sentence denotes The sensitivity of the qRT-PCR assay herein was able to detect approximately 2.0 × 10 1 copies/μL of the PDCoV clone.
TextSentencer_T49 6368-6735 Sentence denotes The real-time RT-PCR gave positive results for the standard plasmid of PDCoV strain (2.0 × 10 9 copies/μL) and negative results (Ct > 35) for other porcine viruses, including PEDV, TGEV, Rotavirus (RV), Senecavirus A (SVA), Classical swine fever (CSF), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Picobirnavirus (PBV) and Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3).
TextSentencer_T49 6368-6735 Sentence denotes The real-time RT-PCR gave positive results for the standard plasmid of PDCoV strain (2.0 × 10 9 copies/μL) and negative results (Ct > 35) for other porcine viruses, including PEDV, TGEV, Rotavirus (RV), Senecavirus A (SVA), Classical swine fever (CSF), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Picobirnavirus (PBV) and Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3).
TextSentencer_T50 6736-6847 Sentence denotes Samples of the jejunum closed to the ileum were collected from 18 experimental piglets for Microarray analysis.
TextSentencer_T50 6736-6847 Sentence denotes Samples of the jejunum closed to the ileum were collected from 18 experimental piglets for Microarray analysis.
TextSentencer_T51 6848-7075 Sentence denotes Nucleic acid was extracted by the Trizol Kit (Promega, USA) following by the manufacturer's instructions and then was treated with RNase-free DNase I (Takara Bio, Japan) for 30 min at 37°C to remove residual DNA and obtain RNA.
TextSentencer_T51 6848-7075 Sentence denotes Nucleic acid was extracted by the Trizol Kit (Promega, USA) following by the manufacturer's instructions and then was treated with RNase-free DNase I (Takara Bio, Japan) for 30 min at 37°C to remove residual DNA and obtain RNA.
TextSentencer_T52 7076-7229 Sentence denotes The RNA quality was verified using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) and also checked by RNase free agarose gel electrophoresis.
TextSentencer_T52 7076-7229 Sentence denotes The RNA quality was verified using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) and also checked by RNase free agarose gel electrophoresis.
TextSentencer_T53 7230-7293 Sentence denotes Next, Poly (A) mRNA was isolated using oligo-dT beads (Qiagen).
TextSentencer_T53 7230-7293 Sentence denotes Next, Poly (A) mRNA was isolated using oligo-dT beads (Qiagen).
TextSentencer_T54 7294-7366 Sentence denotes All mRNA was broken into short fragments by adding fragmentation buffer.
TextSentencer_T54 7294-7366 Sentence denotes All mRNA was broken into short fragments by adding fragmentation buffer.
TextSentencer_T55 7367-7562 Sentence denotes First-strand cDNA was generated using random hexamer-primed reverse transcription, and then primitive fragmented mRNA was digested by RNase H, followed by the synthesis of the second-strand cDNA.
TextSentencer_T55 7367-7562 Sentence denotes First-strand cDNA was generated using random hexamer-primed reverse transcription, and then primitive fragmented mRNA was digested by RNase H, followed by the synthesis of the second-strand cDNA.
TextSentencer_T56 7563-7655 Sentence denotes The second-strand cDNA was added end reparation poly (A) and ligated to sequencing adapters.
TextSentencer_T56 7563-7655 Sentence denotes The second-strand cDNA was added end reparation poly (A) and ligated to sequencing adapters.
TextSentencer_T57 7656-7725 Sentence denotes The second-strand cDNA with bases "U" was digested by the enzyme UDG.
TextSentencer_T57 7656-7725 Sentence denotes The second-strand cDNA with bases "U" was digested by the enzyme UDG.
TextSentencer_T58 7726-7813 Sentence denotes Finally, the first-strand cDNA was enriched by PCR to construct the final cDNA library.
TextSentencer_T58 7726-7813 Sentence denotes Finally, the first-strand cDNA was enriched by PCR to construct the final cDNA library.
TextSentencer_T59 7814-7988 Sentence denotes The cDNA library was sequenced on the Illumina sequencing platform (IlluminaHiSeq 2000) using the paired-end technology by Personal Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
TextSentencer_T59 7814-7988 Sentence denotes The cDNA library was sequenced on the Illumina sequencing platform (IlluminaHiSeq 2000) using the paired-end technology by Personal Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
TextSentencer_T60 7989-8072 Sentence denotes A Perl program was written to select clean reads by removing low quality sequences.
TextSentencer_T60 7989-8072 Sentence denotes A Perl program was written to select clean reads by removing low quality sequences.
TextSentencer_T61 8073-8166 Sentence denotes These included the samples with quality scores < Q20, and reads containing adaptor sequences.
TextSentencer_T61 8073-8166 Sentence denotes These included the samples with quality scores < Q20, and reads containing adaptor sequences.
TextSentencer_T62 8167-8274 Sentence denotes The sequencing data is available from the NCBI Short Read Archive (SRA) (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra).
TextSentencer_T62 8167-8274 Sentence denotes The sequencing data is available from the NCBI Short Read Archive (SRA) (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra).
TextSentencer_T63 8275-8621 Sentence denotes Tissue samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum from the experiment group and the control group in 2 dpi, 4 dpi and 11 dpi were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and processed by the following steps, which included dehydrating in graded ethanol, embedding in paraffin, sectioning to 5-μm sections, and final staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
TextSentencer_T63 8275-8621 Sentence denotes Tissue samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum from the experiment group and the control group in 2 dpi, 4 dpi and 11 dpi were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and processed by the following steps, which included dehydrating in graded ethanol, embedding in paraffin, sectioning to 5-μm sections, and final staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
TextSentencer_T64 8622-8676 Sentence denotes Slides were examined by conventional light microscopy.
TextSentencer_T64 8622-8676 Sentence denotes Slides were examined by conventional light microscopy.
TextSentencer_T65 8677-8841 Sentence denotes The study of Chen et al. introduced the preparation method of monoclonal antibodies and the anti-PDCoV-N protein was used as primary antibody in this article [14] .
TextSentencer_T65 8677-8841 Sentence denotes The study of Chen et al. introduced the preparation method of monoclonal antibodies and the anti-PDCoV-N protein was used as primary antibody in this article [14] .
TextSentencer_T66 8842-8906 Sentence denotes The slides was processed according to previous studies [6, 11] .
TextSentencer_T66 8842-8906 Sentence denotes The slides was processed according to previous studies [6, 11] .
TextSentencer_T67 8907-8984 Sentence denotes Slides were then dehydrated, cleared with xylene and sealed with cover slips.
TextSentencer_T67 8907-8984 Sentence denotes Slides were then dehydrated, cleared with xylene and sealed with cover slips.
TextSentencer_T68 8985-9065 Sentence denotes Finally, the slides were observed under an Olympus BX40 fluorescence microscopy.
TextSentencer_T68 8985-9065 Sentence denotes Finally, the slides were observed under an Olympus BX40 fluorescence microscopy.
TextSentencer_T69 9066-9170 Sentence denotes Feature Extraction software (Version10.7.1.1, Agilent) was used to analyze array images to get raw data.
TextSentencer_T69 9066-9170 Sentence denotes Feature Extraction software (Version10.7.1.1, Agilent) was used to analyze array images to get raw data.
TextSentencer_T70 9171-9256 Sentence denotes Genespring (Version13.1, Agilent) was employed to finish the basic raw data analysis.
TextSentencer_T70 9171-9256 Sentence denotes Genespring (Version13.1, Agilent) was employed to finish the basic raw data analysis.
TextSentencer_T71 9257-9314 Sentence denotes The raw data was normalized using the quantile algorithm.
TextSentencer_T71 9257-9314 Sentence denotes The raw data was normalized using the quantile algorithm.
TextSentencer_T72 9315-9457 Sentence denotes Probes possessed at least 100% of the values in any one out of all conditions were flagged as "Detected" and chosen for further data analysis.
TextSentencer_T72 9315-9457 Sentence denotes Probes possessed at least 100% of the values in any one out of all conditions were flagged as "Detected" and chosen for further data analysis.
TextSentencer_T73 9458-9587 Sentence denotes Differentially expressed genes were then identified through fold change as well as P values calculated using the Students t-test.
TextSentencer_T73 9458-9587 Sentence denotes Differentially expressed genes were then identified through fold change as well as P values calculated using the Students t-test.
TextSentencer_T74 9588-9727 Sentence denotes The threshold set for up-and down-regulated genes was a fold change ≥2.0 and a P value≤0.05 compared with data of piglets in control group.
TextSentencer_T74 9588-9727 Sentence denotes The threshold set for up-and down-regulated genes was a fold change ≥2.0 and a P value≤0.05 compared with data of piglets in control group.
TextSentencer_T75 9728-9857 Sentence denotes To confirm the microarray data, six genes were selected for the verification by real-time PCR (see Table 1 for primer sequences).
TextSentencer_T75 9728-9857 Sentence denotes To confirm the microarray data, six genes were selected for the verification by real-time PCR (see Table 1 for primer sequences).
TextSentencer_T76 9858-10180 Sentence denotes One-step real-time qRT-PCR reactions were performed using One Step PrimeScript RT-PCR kit (Takara) using an ABI PRISM 7500 instrument with the following steps: reverse transcription at 42°C for 10 min, denaturation at 95°C for 10 min and 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 30 s and melting curve analysis.
TextSentencer_T76 9858-10180 Sentence denotes One-step real-time qRT-PCR reactions were performed using One Step PrimeScript RT-PCR kit (Takara) using an ABI PRISM 7500 instrument with the following steps: reverse transcription at 42°C for 10 min, denaturation at 95°C for 10 min and 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 30 s and melting curve analysis.
TextSentencer_T77 10181-10305 Sentence denotes All samples were assayed in triplicate and relative gene expression was calculated as the previously described method [15] .
TextSentencer_T77 10181-10305 Sentence denotes All samples were assayed in triplicate and relative gene expression was calculated as the previously described method [15] .
TextSentencer_T78 10306-10443 Sentence denotes In PDCoV-inoculated pigs, 7 of 20 pigs had soft feces during 2-4 dpi, 6 of 20 pigs had watery diarrhea and 3 piglets dead during 5-7 dpi.
TextSentencer_T78 10306-10443 Sentence denotes In PDCoV-inoculated pigs, 7 of 20 pigs had soft feces during 2-4 dpi, 6 of 20 pigs had watery diarrhea and 3 piglets dead during 5-7 dpi.
TextSentencer_T79 10444-10479 Sentence denotes 3 of 20 piglets recovered at 8 dpi.
TextSentencer_T79 10444-10479 Sentence denotes 3 of 20 piglets recovered at 8 dpi.
TextSentencer_T80 10480-10604 Sentence denotes The clinical manifestation was most obvious at 2 dpi, including the weight loss and the appetite decrease ( Fig. 1a and c) .
TextSentencer_T80 10480-10604 Sentence denotes The clinical manifestation was most obvious at 2 dpi, including the weight loss and the appetite decrease ( Fig. 1a and c) .
TextSentencer_T81 10605-10698 Sentence denotes Some susceptible piglets' anus began to become red and swollen and even excrete watery feces.
TextSentencer_T81 10605-10698 Sentence denotes Some susceptible piglets' anus began to become red and swollen and even excrete watery feces.
TextSentencer_T82 10699-10986 Sentence denotes The third to fourth days after PDCoV-inoculation were the peak of the clinical manifestations for all experimental piglets, which included the sudden drop in weight, emaciated body with visible ribs, anorexia, always lying down, and anus turning red, swollen and moist ( Fig. 1b and g) .
TextSentencer_T82 10699-10986 Sentence denotes The third to fourth days after PDCoV-inoculation were the peak of the clinical manifestations for all experimental piglets, which included the sudden drop in weight, emaciated body with visible ribs, anorexia, always lying down, and anus turning red, swollen and moist ( Fig. 1b and g) .
TextSentencer_T83 10987-11099 Sentence denotes Feces appeared yellow watery and even some piglets developed convulsions, vomiting and dead (Fig. 1g , h and i).
TextSentencer_T83 10987-11099 Sentence denotes Feces appeared yellow watery and even some piglets developed convulsions, vomiting and dead (Fig. 1g , h and i).
TextSentencer_T84 11100-11278 Sentence denotes During 8-11 dpi, the surviving animals started to recover, for example, their appetites and weight increased to the average level of the control group ( Fig. 1e and f) (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T84 11100-11278 Sentence denotes During 8-11 dpi, the surviving animals started to recover, for example, their appetites and weight increased to the average level of the control group ( Fig. 1e and f) (Fig. 2) .
TextSentencer_T85 11279-11394 Sentence denotes Virus distribution in the diseased piglets was examined at the early, middle and late stages by PDCoV-specific PCR.
TextSentencer_T85 11279-11394 Sentence denotes Virus distribution in the diseased piglets was examined at the early, middle and late stages by PDCoV-specific PCR.
TextSentencer_T86 11395-11505 Sentence denotes Virus was detected from all duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at the early stage with average 7log10 RNA copies/μL.
TextSentencer_T86 11395-11505 Sentence denotes Virus was detected from all duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at the early stage with average 7log10 RNA copies/μL.
TextSentencer_T87 11506-11601 Sentence denotes The small intestine had the highest viral copies in the middle stage with 8log10 RNA copies/μL.
TextSentencer_T87 11506-11601 Sentence denotes The small intestine had the highest viral copies in the middle stage with 8log10 RNA copies/μL.
TextSentencer_T88 11602-11744 Sentence denotes In addition, the virus could be detected in low quantities in ileums during the late stage while other tissue samples were negative (Fig. 3) .
TextSentencer_T88 11602-11744 Sentence denotes In addition, the virus could be detected in low quantities in ileums during the late stage while other tissue samples were negative (Fig. 3) .
TextSentencer_T89 11745-11892 Sentence denotes Histological changes associated with PDCoV infection were observed in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but the lesions in the ileum were most obvious.
TextSentencer_T89 11745-11892 Sentence denotes Histological changes associated with PDCoV infection were observed in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but the lesions in the ileum were most obvious.
TextSentencer_T90 11893-12054 Sentence denotes In comparison with small intestine sections of normal nursing piglets, mild to severe villous atrophy was observed in pigs infected with PDCoV at 2 dpi necropsy.
TextSentencer_T90 11893-12054 Sentence denotes In comparison with small intestine sections of normal nursing piglets, mild to severe villous atrophy was observed in pigs infected with PDCoV at 2 dpi necropsy.
TextSentencer_T91 12055-12095 Sentence denotes There were obvious lesions in the ileum.
TextSentencer_T91 12055-12095 Sentence denotes There were obvious lesions in the ileum.
TextSentencer_T92 12096-12255 Sentence denotes Histologic lesions included villous blunting, mucosal inflammatory cells increasing, or small intestinal cell shedding and necrosis at 2 dpi ( Fig. 4a and d) .
TextSentencer_T92 12096-12255 Sentence denotes Histologic lesions included villous blunting, mucosal inflammatory cells increasing, or small intestinal cell shedding and necrosis at 2 dpi ( Fig. 4a and d) .
TextSentencer_T93 12256-12311 Sentence denotes At 4 dpi, enterocytes often had a vacuolated cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T93 12256-12311 Sentence denotes At 4 dpi, enterocytes often had a vacuolated cytoplasm.
TextSentencer_T94 12312-12408 Sentence denotes Besides, more severe villous atrophy and occasional fusion of villi were observed in the ileums.
TextSentencer_T94 12312-12408 Sentence denotes Besides, more severe villous atrophy and occasional fusion of villi were observed in the ileums.
TextSentencer_T95 12409-12493 Sentence denotes The lamina propria cells showed symptoms of hyperemia infiltration (Fig. 4b and e) .
TextSentencer_T95 12409-12493 Sentence denotes The lamina propria cells showed symptoms of hyperemia infiltration (Fig. 4b and e) .
TextSentencer_T96 12494-12592 Sentence denotes At 11 dpi, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the piglets exhibited recovery in different degrees.
TextSentencer_T96 12494-12592 Sentence denotes At 11 dpi, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the piglets exhibited recovery in different degrees.
TextSentencer_T97 12593-13149 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination Fig. 1 The clinical symptoms were showed in Fig. 1 . a pig's appearance of the experimental group in 2 dpi; (b) pig's appearance of the experimental group in 4 dpi; (c) pig's appearance of the experimental group in 11 dpi; (d) pig's appearance of the control group in 2 dpi; (e) pig's appearance of the control group in 4 dpi; (f) pig's appearance of the control group in 11 dpi; (g) watery diarrhea in pig of the experimental group; (h) pig vomiting; (i) the pig death Fig. 2 Trend of weight gain of piglets after PDCoV-inoculated.
TextSentencer_T97 12593-13149 Sentence denotes Microscopic examination Fig. 1 The clinical symptoms were showed in Fig. 1 . a pig's appearance of the experimental group in 2 dpi; (b) pig's appearance of the experimental group in 4 dpi; (c) pig's appearance of the experimental group in 11 dpi; (d) pig's appearance of the control group in 2 dpi; (e) pig's appearance of the control group in 4 dpi; (f) pig's appearance of the control group in 11 dpi; (g) watery diarrhea in pig of the experimental group; (h) pig vomiting; (i) the pig death Fig. 2 Trend of weight gain of piglets after PDCoV-inoculated.
TextSentencer_T98 13150-13279 Sentence denotes The weight gain of piglets in the experiment group showed decline at first, then slowly increased, and finally increased sharply.
TextSentencer_T98 13150-13279 Sentence denotes The weight gain of piglets in the experiment group showed decline at first, then slowly increased, and finally increased sharply.
TextSentencer_T99 13280-13657 Sentence denotes The period of weight loss is from 1 dpi to 3 dpi, which was from the early stage to the peak stage and finally piglets' weight reached the lowest average of only 1.55 kg in 3 dpi of the small intestines of piglets in experimental group showed that the villi was slender, and the small intestine epithelium had the intact nuclei and was closely next to the lamina propria cells.
TextSentencer_T99 13280-13657 Sentence denotes The period of weight loss is from 1 dpi to 3 dpi, which was from the early stage to the peak stage and finally piglets' weight reached the lowest average of only 1.55 kg in 3 dpi of the small intestines of piglets in experimental group showed that the villi was slender, and the small intestine epithelium had the intact nuclei and was closely next to the lamina propria cells.
TextSentencer_T100 13658-13756 Sentence denotes As the same time, macrophages and lymphocytes were well defined and completed ( Fig. 4c and f ) .
TextSentencer_T100 13658-13756 Sentence denotes As the same time, macrophages and lymphocytes were well defined and completed ( Fig. 4c and f ) .
TextSentencer_T101 13757-14010 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 5 , compared with the mock-control group, the small intestine villous epithelium of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in the PDCoV-inoculated group, were stained brown and black by DAB in varying degrees during three experimental periods.
TextSentencer_T101 13757-14010 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 5 , compared with the mock-control group, the small intestine villous epithelium of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in the PDCoV-inoculated group, were stained brown and black by DAB in varying degrees during three experimental periods.
TextSentencer_T102 14011-14172 Sentence denotes It demonstrated that PDCoV mainly concentrated at the small intestine villous epithelium which provided a breeding ground for virus' propagation and replication.
TextSentencer_T102 14011-14172 Sentence denotes It demonstrated that PDCoV mainly concentrated at the small intestine villous epithelium which provided a breeding ground for virus' propagation and replication.
TextSentencer_T103 14173-14336 Sentence denotes In terms of infection, PDCoV mainly aggregated in the duodenum in the early stage, while in the peak of stage and the later period, the virus transferred to ileum.
TextSentencer_T103 14173-14336 Sentence denotes In terms of infection, PDCoV mainly aggregated in the duodenum in the early stage, while in the peak of stage and the later period, the virus transferred to ileum.
TextSentencer_T104 14337-14405 Sentence denotes The phenomenon was corresponded with the result of real-time RT-PCR.
TextSentencer_T104 14337-14405 Sentence denotes The phenomenon was corresponded with the result of real-time RT-PCR.
TextSentencer_T105 14406-14545 Sentence denotes Microarray analysis identified that 20,674 genes were differentially expressed more than three hundred-fold in response to PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T105 14406-14545 Sentence denotes Microarray analysis identified that 20,674 genes were differentially expressed more than three hundred-fold in response to PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T106 14546-14630 Sentence denotes During early onset, 1218 genes were up regulated and 1632 genes were down regulated.
TextSentencer_T106 14546-14630 Sentence denotes During early onset, 1218 genes were up regulated and 1632 genes were down regulated.
TextSentencer_T107 14631-14721 Sentence denotes At the peak of the disease, 698 genes were up regulated and 983 genes were down regulated.
TextSentencer_T107 14631-14721 Sentence denotes At the peak of the disease, 698 genes were up regulated and 983 genes were down regulated.
TextSentencer_T108 14722-14792 Sentence denotes During the recovery phase, 174 genes were up regulated and (Table 2) .
TextSentencer_T108 14722-14792 Sentence denotes During the recovery phase, 174 genes were up regulated and (Table 2) .
TextSentencer_T109 14793-14915 Sentence denotes Overall, these genes were classified into 12, 667 and 7 biological processes in the three infection periods, respectively.
TextSentencer_T109 14793-14915 Sentence denotes Overall, these genes were classified into 12, 667 and 7 biological processes in the three infection periods, respectively.
TextSentencer_T110 14916-15091 Sentence denotes The 20 largest biological process groups were involved in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, digestion and absorption and related signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T110 14916-15091 Sentence denotes The 20 largest biological process groups were involved in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, digestion and absorption and related signaling pathways.
TextSentencer_T111 15092-15349 Sentence denotes Horizontal comparisons identified that biological processes enriched in metabolic regulation included single-organism, cellular lipid metabolism, cellular amino acid metabolic processes, organic acid metabolic process and small molecule metabolic processes.
TextSentencer_T111 15092-15349 Sentence denotes Horizontal comparisons identified that biological processes enriched in metabolic regulation included single-organism, cellular lipid metabolism, cellular amino acid metabolic processes, organic acid metabolic process and small molecule metabolic processes.
TextSentencer_T112 15350-15506 Sentence denotes However, only 7 Gene Ontology (GO) terms were significantly different between the control and the experimental group in the recovery phase of the infection.
TextSentencer_T112 15350-15506 Sentence denotes However, only 7 Gene Ontology (GO) terms were significantly different between the control and the experimental group in the recovery phase of the infection.
TextSentencer_T113 15507-15576 Sentence denotes The most significant difference was in serine endopeptidase activity.
TextSentencer_T113 15507-15576 Sentence denotes The most significant difference was in serine endopeptidase activity.
TextSentencer_T114 15577-15669 Sentence denotes The threshold for up-and down-regulated genes was a fold change of ≥2.0 and a P value ≤0.05.
TextSentencer_T114 15577-15669 Sentence denotes The threshold for up-and down-regulated genes was a fold change of ≥2.0 and a P value ≤0.05.
TextSentencer_T115 15670-15773 Sentence denotes We found that TGM3 was the most highly regulated gene in the early onset, which was changed 654.8-fold.
TextSentencer_T115 15670-15773 Sentence denotes We found that TGM3 was the most highly regulated gene in the early onset, which was changed 654.8-fold.
TextSentencer_T116 15774-15846 Sentence denotes And CYP2B22 was the most down-regulated gene 0.0030-fold in this period.
TextSentencer_T116 15774-15846 Sentence denotes And CYP2B22 was the most down-regulated gene 0.0030-fold in this period.
TextSentencer_T117 15847-15969 Sentence denotes During peak onset, the PI3 gene was significantly up-regulated 895.8-fold and LOC100516628 was down-regulated 0.0033-fold.
TextSentencer_T117 15847-15969 Sentence denotes During peak onset, the PI3 gene was significantly up-regulated 895.8-fold and LOC100516628 was down-regulated 0.0033-fold.
TextSentencer_T118 15970-16087 Sentence denotes In the recovery phase, UBTFL1 was up-regulated 22.8-fold while LOC110255257 was down-regulated 0.0027-fold (Fig. 6) .
TextSentencer_T118 15970-16087 Sentence denotes In the recovery phase, UBTFL1 was up-regulated 22.8-fold while LOC110255257 was down-regulated 0.0027-fold (Fig. 6) .
TextSentencer_T119 16088-16255 Sentence denotes GO analysis (http://www.geneontology.org) and KEGG pathway analysis (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) were applied to determine the roles of differentially expressed mRNAs.
TextSentencer_T119 16088-16255 Sentence denotes GO analysis (http://www.geneontology.org) and KEGG pathway analysis (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) were applied to determine the roles of differentially expressed mRNAs.
TextSentencer_T120 16256-16333 Sentence denotes A p-value< 0.05 and a false discovery rate of < 0.05 were used as thresholds.
TextSentencer_T120 16256-16333 Sentence denotes A p-value< 0.05 and a false discovery rate of < 0.05 were used as thresholds.
TextSentencer_T121 16334-16470 Sentence denotes The differentially expressed genes with the highest expression levels in the microarrays were BCO1, GAB3, CELA2A, SPAI-2, CA7 and APOA2.
TextSentencer_T121 16334-16470 Sentence denotes The differentially expressed genes with the highest expression levels in the microarrays were BCO1, GAB3, CELA2A, SPAI-2, CA7 and APOA2.
TextSentencer_T122 16471-16662 Sentence denotes All these genes passed the quality control tests and demonstrated the same relative changes as in the microarray analysis although there were some differences in fold change levels (Fig. 7) .
TextSentencer_T122 16471-16662 Sentence denotes All these genes passed the quality control tests and demonstrated the same relative changes as in the microarray analysis although there were some differences in fold change levels (Fig. 7) .
TextSentencer_T123 16663-16834 Sentence denotes These two methods revealed the same relative regulation patterns of mRNA abundance and indicated that many genes were significantly changed in response to PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T123 16663-16834 Sentence denotes These two methods revealed the same relative regulation patterns of mRNA abundance and indicated that many genes were significantly changed in response to PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T124 16835-17034 Sentence denotes GO functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated that 126, 67 and 7 GO terms were significantly enriched in the early, middle and late infection stages, respectively.
TextSentencer_T124 16835-17034 Sentence denotes GO functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated that 126, 67 and 7 GO terms were significantly enriched in the early, middle and late infection stages, respectively.
TextSentencer_T125 17035-17137 Sentence denotes The top 10 GO terms were enriched in biological processes, cellular components and molecular function.
TextSentencer_T125 17035-17137 Sentence denotes The top 10 GO terms were enriched in biological processes, cellular components and molecular function.
TextSentencer_T126 17138-17381 Sentence denotes A horizontal comparison of these results indicated that the biological processes were enriched in single-organism catabolic processes, cellular lipid metabolic processes, organic acid metabolic processes and small molecule metabolic processes.
TextSentencer_T126 17138-17381 Sentence denotes A horizontal comparison of these results indicated that the biological processes were enriched in single-organism catabolic processes, cellular lipid metabolic processes, organic acid metabolic processes and small molecule metabolic processes.
TextSentencer_T127 17382-17488 Sentence denotes The cellular component group were primarily concentrated in the extracellular and plasma membrane regions.
TextSentencer_T127 17382-17488 Sentence denotes The cellular component group were primarily concentrated in the extracellular and plasma membrane regions.
TextSentencer_T128 17489-17615 Sentence denotes The molecular function groups during the early stage of infection were primarily involved in iron and oxidoreductase activity.
TextSentencer_T128 17489-17615 Sentence denotes The molecular function groups during the early stage of infection were primarily involved in iron and oxidoreductase activity.
TextSentencer_T129 17616-17741 Sentence denotes The middle infection stage revealed transmembrane, cation transmembrane transporter activity and enzyme inhibitor activities.
TextSentencer_T129 17616-17741 Sentence denotes The middle infection stage revealed transmembrane, cation transmembrane transporter activity and enzyme inhibitor activities.
TextSentencer_T130 17742-17876 Sentence denotes However, the late infection stage showed the least number of differences between experimental and control groups with only 7 GO terms.
TextSentencer_T130 17742-17876 Sentence denotes However, the late infection stage showed the least number of differences between experimental and control groups with only 7 GO terms.
TextSentencer_T131 17877-17958 Sentence denotes The serine-type endopeptidase activity was the most significant among the latter.
TextSentencer_T131 17877-17958 Sentence denotes The serine-type endopeptidase activity was the most significant among the latter.
TextSentencer_T132 17959-18057 Sentence denotes KEGG pathway analysis revealed that 43 pathways were significantly altered during PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T132 17959-18057 Sentence denotes KEGG pathway analysis revealed that 43 pathways were significantly altered during PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T133 18058-18131 Sentence denotes The predominant pathways involved both catabolic and anabolic metabolism.
TextSentencer_T133 18058-18131 Sentence denotes The predominant pathways involved both catabolic and anabolic metabolism.
TextSentencer_T134 18132-18325 Sentence denotes These involved amino acid metabolism of glutamate, arginine, serine, threonine and aspartic acid as well as starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose conversion and galactose metabolism (Fig. 8) .
TextSentencer_T134 18132-18325 Sentence denotes These involved amino acid metabolism of glutamate, arginine, serine, threonine and aspartic acid as well as starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose conversion and galactose metabolism (Fig. 8) .
TextSentencer_T135 18326-18418 Sentence denotes The lipid metabolism pathways involved arachidonic acid, glycerophospholipids and glyceride.
TextSentencer_T135 18326-18418 Sentence denotes The lipid metabolism pathways involved arachidonic acid, glycerophospholipids and glyceride.
TextSentencer_T136 18419-18530 Sentence denotes Digestion and absorption of minerals, fat, proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates were all significantly changed.
TextSentencer_T136 18419-18530 Sentence denotes Digestion and absorption of minerals, fat, proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates were all significantly changed.
TextSentencer_T137 18531-18635 Sentence denotes Endocrine system alterations included PPAR and adipocytokine signaling as well as immune system changes.
TextSentencer_T137 18531-18635 Sentence denotes Endocrine system alterations included PPAR and adipocytokine signaling as well as immune system changes.
TextSentencer_T138 18636-18780 Sentence denotes Since PDCoV being identified in 2009 in HongKong, many studies had focused locally on the virus characterization and evolution [1] [2] [3] [4] .
TextSentencer_T138 18636-18780 Sentence denotes Since PDCoV being identified in 2009 in HongKong, many studies had focused locally on the virus characterization and evolution [1] [2] [3] [4] .
TextSentencer_T139 18781-19072 Sentence denotes To fill the gap of interaction between virus and host, particularly the correlation analysis between clinical symptoms and differential expressed host genes, 5-day-old piglets were orally challenged with PDCoV strain, CHN-GD16-05, and used for mRNA expression profile analysis in this study.
TextSentencer_T139 18781-19072 Sentence denotes To fill the gap of interaction between virus and host, particularly the correlation analysis between clinical symptoms and differential expressed host genes, 5-day-old piglets were orally challenged with PDCoV strain, CHN-GD16-05, and used for mRNA expression profile analysis in this study.
TextSentencer_T140 19073-19208 Sentence denotes Clinical symptoms, diarrhea, vomiting and mental depression, of pigs were observed as early as the third day after the PDCoV challenge.
TextSentencer_T140 19073-19208 Sentence denotes Clinical symptoms, diarrhea, vomiting and mental depression, of pigs were observed as early as the third day after the PDCoV challenge.
TextSentencer_T141 19209-19271 Sentence denotes 3/20 pigs died and the others began to recovery after 11 days.
TextSentencer_T141 19209-19271 Sentence denotes 3/20 pigs died and the others began to recovery after 11 days.
TextSentencer_T142 19272-19391 Sentence denotes The intestine of diarrhea pig after dissection was found to be filled with water and its wall became almost paper-thin.
TextSentencer_T142 19272-19391 Sentence denotes The intestine of diarrhea pig after dissection was found to be filled with water and its wall became almost paper-thin.
TextSentencer_T143 19392-19587 Sentence denotes The highest PDCoV load determined by qPCR was located in the ileum, followed by jejunum, duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes, which differs from PEDV that concentrates in posterior jejunum [16] .
TextSentencer_T143 19392-19587 Sentence denotes The highest PDCoV load determined by qPCR was located in the ileum, followed by jejunum, duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes, which differs from PEDV that concentrates in posterior jejunum [16] .
TextSentencer_T144 19588-19632 Sentence denotes But the mechanism of it needs further study.
TextSentencer_T144 19588-19632 Sentence denotes But the mechanism of it needs further study.
TextSentencer_T145 19633-19941 Sentence denotes In this study, the differentially expressed FABPs (Fatty acid-binding proteins) genes and diversification of FABPs gene mediated metabolism process were speculated to be responsible for the co-occurrence of the serious destruction of intestinal epithelial and body weight loss in piglets infected with PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T145 19633-19941 Sentence denotes In this study, the differentially expressed FABPs (Fatty acid-binding proteins) genes and diversification of FABPs gene mediated metabolism process were speculated to be responsible for the co-occurrence of the serious destruction of intestinal epithelial and body weight loss in piglets infected with PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T146 19942-20113 Sentence denotes This is somewhat similar to the study of Chen et al. on expression profile analysis of circRNAs in PEDV infected IPEC-J2 cells, a porcine ileum epithelium cell line [17] .
TextSentencer_T146 19942-20113 Sentence denotes This is somewhat similar to the study of Chen et al. on expression profile analysis of circRNAs in PEDV infected IPEC-J2 cells, a porcine ileum epithelium cell line [17] .
TextSentencer_T147 20114-20249 Sentence denotes The study of Chen et al. demonstrated that PEDV were closely related to the metabolism process of ubiquitin mediated proteolysis [17] .
TextSentencer_T147 20114-20249 Sentence denotes The study of Chen et al. demonstrated that PEDV were closely related to the metabolism process of ubiquitin mediated proteolysis [17] .
TextSentencer_T148 20250-20459 Sentence denotes Study of Zhao et al. also indicated that TGEV was responsible for dysfunctional mitochondria in small intestine epithelial cells of piglets via up-regulating ssc-miR-4331 and activating p38 MAPK pathway [18] .
TextSentencer_T148 20250-20459 Sentence denotes Study of Zhao et al. also indicated that TGEV was responsible for dysfunctional mitochondria in small intestine epithelial cells of piglets via up-regulating ssc-miR-4331 and activating p38 MAPK pathway [18] .
TextSentencer_T149 20460-20774 Sentence denotes FABPs, which are highly expressed in the cytoplasm of various cells in the small intestine, play prominent roles in the PPAR signaling pathway and are related to lipogenesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, insulin sensitivity as well as Fig. 6 The differently expression genes of volcano picture in three periods.
TextSentencer_T149 20460-20774 Sentence denotes FABPs, which are highly expressed in the cytoplasm of various cells in the small intestine, play prominent roles in the PPAR signaling pathway and are related to lipogenesis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, insulin sensitivity as well as Fig. 6 The differently expression genes of volcano picture in three periods.
TextSentencer_T150 20775-21106 Sentence denotes The vertical line is the 2-fold expression difference threshold; the horizontal line is the P-value = 0.05 threshold; the red, blue and gray points represent the up-regulated, down-regulated and non-significant differentially expressed genes; a, pre-onset; b, mid-onset; c Recovery period cell growth and differentiation [19, 20] .
TextSentencer_T150 20775-21106 Sentence denotes The vertical line is the 2-fold expression difference threshold; the horizontal line is the P-value = 0.05 threshold; the red, blue and gray points represent the up-regulated, down-regulated and non-significant differentially expressed genes; a, pre-onset; b, mid-onset; c Recovery period cell growth and differentiation [19, 20] .
TextSentencer_T151 21107-21156 Sentence denotes Herein FABPs were found to be regulated by PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T151 21107-21156 Sentence denotes Herein FABPs were found to be regulated by PDCoV.
TextSentencer_T152 21157-21515 Sentence denotes Fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) and fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3), which not only mediate fatty acid transportation to different cell organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, but also modulate fatty acid metabolism and storage as a signaling molecule outside the cell, attracted our special attention [20] .
TextSentencer_T152 21157-21515 Sentence denotes Fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) and fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3), which not only mediate fatty acid transportation to different cell organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, but also modulate fatty acid metabolism and storage as a signaling molecule outside the cell, attracted our special attention [20] .
TextSentencer_T153 21516-21586 Sentence denotes FABP1 was reported to play a key role in fatty acid storage [21, 22] .
TextSentencer_T153 21516-21586 Sentence denotes FABP1 was reported to play a key role in fatty acid storage [21, 22] .
TextSentencer_T154 21587-21856 Sentence denotes Furthermore, fatty acids, particularly arachidonic-acid, can be metabolized into a family of lipid mediators such as eicosanoids, which can function as anti-inflammatory such as cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA1, PGA2 and PGJ2) and pro-inflammatory factors [20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T154 21587-21856 Sentence denotes Furthermore, fatty acids, particularly arachidonic-acid, can be metabolized into a family of lipid mediators such as eicosanoids, which can function as anti-inflammatory such as cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA1, PGA2 and PGJ2) and pro-inflammatory factors [20, 21] .
TextSentencer_T155 21857-21991 Sentence denotes Significant down-expression of FABP1 (fold change =0.083) may result in decreased secretion of Fig. 7 Verification of microarray data.
TextSentencer_T155 21857-21991 Sentence denotes Significant down-expression of FABP1 (fold change =0.083) may result in decreased secretion of Fig. 7 Verification of microarray data.
TextSentencer_T156 21992-22128 Sentence denotes Verification of microarray data using real-time qRT-PCR six genes related to metabolic pathway (BCO1, GAB3, CELA2A, SPAI-2, CAT, APOA2).
TextSentencer_T156 21992-22128 Sentence denotes Verification of microarray data using real-time qRT-PCR six genes related to metabolic pathway (BCO1, GAB3, CELA2A, SPAI-2, CAT, APOA2).
TextSentencer_T157 22129-22665 Sentence denotes The data demonstrated that the overall real-time RT-PCR results correlated well with the microarray. a analysis of fold change of BCO1 and GAB3 by using microarray; b analysis of fold change of BCO1 and GAB3 by using real-time RT-PCR; c analysis of fold change of CELA2A and SPAI-2 by using microarray; d Analysis of fold change of CELA2A and SPAI-2 by using real-time RT-PCR. e analysis of fold change of CA7 and APOA2 by using microarray; f Analysis of fold change of CA7 and APOA2 by using real-time RT-PCR anti-inflammatory factors.
TextSentencer_T157 22129-22665 Sentence denotes The data demonstrated that the overall real-time RT-PCR results correlated well with the microarray. a analysis of fold change of BCO1 and GAB3 by using microarray; b analysis of fold change of BCO1 and GAB3 by using real-time RT-PCR; c analysis of fold change of CELA2A and SPAI-2 by using microarray; d Analysis of fold change of CELA2A and SPAI-2 by using real-time RT-PCR. e analysis of fold change of CA7 and APOA2 by using microarray; f Analysis of fold change of CA7 and APOA2 by using real-time RT-PCR anti-inflammatory factors.
TextSentencer_T158 22666-22735 Sentence denotes And increased mucosal inflammatory cells may cause intestinal injury.
TextSentencer_T158 22666-22735 Sentence denotes And increased mucosal inflammatory cells may cause intestinal injury.
TextSentencer_T159 22736-23023 Sentence denotes It is reported that down-regulation of FABP1 expression, significantly associated with poor differentiation and high expression of β-catenin and glutamine synthetase (GS), caused phenotypic changes during tumor progression in almost 10% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [22] [23] [24] .
TextSentencer_T159 22736-23023 Sentence denotes It is reported that down-regulation of FABP1 expression, significantly associated with poor differentiation and high expression of β-catenin and glutamine synthetase (GS), caused phenotypic changes during tumor progression in almost 10% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [22] [23] [24] .
TextSentencer_T160 23024-23193 Sentence denotes FABP3 was found to participate in mitochondrial energy metabolism by transporting fatty acid during ATP production and promote myocardial cell apoptosis [23] [24] [25] .
TextSentencer_T160 23024-23193 Sentence denotes FABP3 was found to participate in mitochondrial energy metabolism by transporting fatty acid during ATP production and promote myocardial cell apoptosis [23] [24] [25] .
TextSentencer_T161 23194-23456 Sentence denotes So in this study, sharply up-regulated expression (fold change = 6.8) of FABP3 was speculated to mediate the mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis of the intestinal epithelial cells, which may be responsible for the emaciation of PDCoV challenged piglets.
TextSentencer_T161 23194-23456 Sentence denotes So in this study, sharply up-regulated expression (fold change = 6.8) of FABP3 was speculated to mediate the mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis of the intestinal epithelial cells, which may be responsible for the emaciation of PDCoV challenged piglets.
TextSentencer_T162 23457-23617 Sentence denotes Therefore, it can be preliminarily concluded that PPAR differential expression caused by PDCoV was mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation.
TextSentencer_T162 23457-23617 Sentence denotes Therefore, it can be preliminarily concluded that PPAR differential expression caused by PDCoV was mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation.
TextSentencer_T163 23618-23755 Sentence denotes The verification of correlation analysis between weight loss and the target genes described above will be on schedule in the near future.
TextSentencer_T163 23618-23755 Sentence denotes The verification of correlation analysis between weight loss and the target genes described above will be on schedule in the near future.
TextSentencer_T164 23756-23857 Sentence denotes Intestinal epithelial cells, which may be responsible for the emaciation of PDCoV challenged piglets.
TextSentencer_T164 23756-23857 Sentence denotes Intestinal epithelial cells, which may be responsible for the emaciation of PDCoV challenged piglets.
TextSentencer_T165 23858-24018 Sentence denotes Therefore, it can be preliminarily concluded that PPAR differential expression caused by PDCoV was mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation.
TextSentencer_T165 23858-24018 Sentence denotes Therefore, it can be preliminarily concluded that PPAR differential expression caused by PDCoV was mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation.
TextSentencer_T166 24019-24156 Sentence denotes The verification of correlation analysis between weight loss and the target genes described above will be on schedule in the near future.
TextSentencer_T166 24019-24156 Sentence denotes The verification of correlation analysis between weight loss and the target genes described above will be on schedule in the near future.
TextSentencer_T167 24157-24260 Sentence denotes In summary, this is the first report of mRNA expression of 5-day old piglets following PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T167 24157-24260 Sentence denotes In summary, this is the first report of mRNA expression of 5-day old piglets following PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T168 24261-24453 Sentence denotes 20, 675 significant differentially expressed genes, which were associated with infection response, metabolism signaling and organismal systems signaling pathways, were described in this study.
TextSentencer_T168 24261-24453 Sentence denotes 20, 675 significant differentially expressed genes, which were associated with infection response, metabolism signaling and organismal systems signaling pathways, were described in this study.
TextSentencer_T169 24454-24625 Sentence denotes Especially, the highly differential expression of FABP genes was speculated to be mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation of PDCoV challenged piglets.
TextSentencer_T169 24454-24625 Sentence denotes Especially, the highly differential expression of FABP genes was speculated to be mostly associated with weight loss and death from emaciation of PDCoV challenged piglets.
TextSentencer_T170 24626-24727 Sentence denotes These results provide new insights into the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
TextSentencer_T170 24626-24727 Sentence denotes These results provide new insights into the metabolic mechanisms and pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.