Owing to various physicochemical triggering mechanisms, nonenzymatic noncovalent biomaterials have wide range of applications in different conditions. Firstly, noncovalent interactions, such as ligand-receptor interactions between biomolecules, offer a versatile way to create biomaterials for biomedical applications. For example, glycopeptide supramolecular assemblies, based on ligand-receptor interactions, are able to induce cell spheroids, which is a model 3D cell culture and organoids (Zhou et al., 2018[122]). Adaptively interacting with cell adhesion proteins, the glycopeptide assemblies simultaneously reduce cell adhesion to the substratum and enhance intercellular interactions. By adjusting intercellular force, a key factor in the process of morphogenesis, these assemblies have the ability to generate cell spheroids rapidly. This type of ligand-receptor interaction on cell surface also enables medical imaging of bacterial infections. Based on vancomycin (Van) binding to the D-Ala-D-Ala moiety in the Gram-positive bacterial cell walls, Liu el al. designed a Van based self-assembling peptide derivative for imaging bacteria in vivo (Yang et al., 2017[101]). Labeled by a fluorophore and an isotope, it can provide the probes for imaging of deep infection sites.