where Papp was the apparent permeability coefficient, dQ/dt was the slope for the graph of the cumulative amount of ACV permeated against time in unit of mg/h, A is the surface area of intestinal tissue where the permeation of nanoparticles occurred in the unit of cm2, and C0 gave an initial concentration of ACV in the intestinal sac that was 1 mg/mL (equivalent to 1 mg/cm3).8 Jssmgcm−2s−1=PappC0