Table 3  Reliability and validity of measurement scales.
Construct  Item  Outer Loading  Mean  SD  α  CR  AVE
Role of E-Govt  E-Govt 1  0.921  5.045  1.376  0.8  0.883  0.717
E-Govt 2  0.935  5.104  1.155
E-Govt 3  0.932  5.125  1.144
2019-nCoV-WOM  CONV-1  0.749  5.557  0.853  0.921  0.95  0.864
CONV-2  0.895  5.509  0.994
CONV-3  0.89  5.402  0.947
Epidemic protection  E-P 1  0.901  5.255  1.026  0.847  0.908  0.767
E-P 2  0.913  5.321  1.077
E-P 3  0.809  5.227  0.807
Attitude toward epidemic outbreak  ATOB 1  0.844  5.427  0.924  0.806  0.886  0.721
ATOB 2  0.846  5.364  0.856
ATOB 3  0.857  5.469  1.058
Online social presence in Outbreak  S-P 1  0.877  5.254  0.902  0.817  0.891  0.732
S-P2  0.855  5.38  0.98
S-P 3  0.835  5.305  0.818
Note: E-Govt, role of E-government; CONV, COVID-19 word of mouth; E-P, Epidemic protection; S-P, online social presence during outbreak.SD, α, CR, and AVE are standard deviation, Cronbach’s α, composite reliability, and average variance extracted, respectively.