A total of 701 patients were included in our study. Table 1 shows the clinical features of patients with COVID-19. Median age was 63 years, and 52.4% of patient were male. Median duration from illness onset to admission was 10 days. Of the total patients, 42.6% were reported as having ≥1 comorbidity: 2.0%, 1.9%, 33.4%, 14.3%, and 4.6% reported having, respectively, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, and tumor. Mean lymphocyte count was 0.9 ± 0.5 × 109/l below the lower limit of normal. Most patients had elevated levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (83.0%) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (81.6%), but elevated levels of procalcitonin were rare (9.8%). Coagulopathies were common in patients with COVID-19. In addition, mean serum lactose dehydrogenase (377 ± 195 U/l) was increased, especially in those with high baseline serum creatinine levels (Table 2 ).
Table 1 Characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-2019
Variables All patients Normal baseline serum creatinine Elevated baseline serum creatinine P value
Number 701 600 101
Age, yr 63 (50–71) 61 (49–69) 73 (62–79) <0.001
Male patients 367 of 701 (52.4) 294 of 600 (49.0) 73 of 101 (72.3) <0.001
Days from illness onset to admission, d 10 (7–13) 10 (7–13) 9 (7–12) 0.381
Fever on admission 213 of 655 (32.5) 187 of 560 (33.4) 26 of 95 (27.4) 0.246
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg 128 (117–143) 128 (118–142) 128 (114–144) 0.942
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg 79 (72–87) 79 (73–87) 77 (70–86) 0.282
Severe disease 297 of 701 (42.4) 244 of 600 (40.7) 53 of 101 (52.5) 0.026
Any comorbidity 297 of 698 (42.6) 237 of 598 (39.6) 60 of 100 (60.0) <0.001
Chronic kidney disease 14 of 698 (2.0) 5 of 598 (0.8) 9 of 100 (9.0) <0.001
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 13 of 698 (1.9) 9 of 598 (1.5) 4 of 100 (4.0) 0.191
Hypertension 233 of 698 (33.4) 185 of 598 (30.9) 48 of 100 (48.0) 0.001
Diabetes 100 of 698 (14.3) 84 of 598 (14.0) 16 of 100 (16.0) 0.606
Tumor 32 of 698 (4.6) 28 of 598 (4.7) 4 of 100 (4.0) 0.965
Admission to intensive care unit 73 of 701 (10.4) 60 of 600 (10.0) 13 of 101 (12.8) 0.382
Administration of mechanical ventilation 97 of 701 (13.4) 75 of 600 (12.5) 22 of 101 (21.8) 0.012
Acute kidney injury 36 of 701 (5.1) 24 of 600 (4.0) 12 of 101 (11.9) 0.001
 Stage 1 13 of 701 (1.9) 10 of 600 (1.7) 3 of 101 (3.0) 0.356
 Stage 2 9 of 701 (1.3) 4 of 600 (0.7) 5 of 101 (5.0)
 Stage 3 14 of 701 (2) 10 of 600 (1.7) 4 of 101 (4.0)
In-hospital death 113 of 701 (16.1) 79 of 600 (13.2) 34 of 101 (33.7) <0.001
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
Data are presented as number/total (percentage) or median (interquartile range). The severity was staged based on the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 (trial fifth edition) published by the Chinese National Health Commission on February 4, 2020.
Table 2 Laboratory data of patients with COVID-19 on admission
Variables All patients Normal baseline serum creatinine Elevated baseline serum creatinine P value
Leukocyte count, × 10⁹/l 7.5 ± 7.5 7.2 ± 7.4 9.5 ± 8.0 0.005
Lymphocyte count, × 10⁹/l 0.9 ± 0.5 0.9 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.5 0.015
Hemoglobin, g/l 128 ± 17 127 ± 17 131 ± 20 0.110
Platelet count, × 10⁹/l 213 ± 94 216 ± 94 191 ± 94 0.014
Prothrombin time > 14.5 s 260 of 670 (38.8) 215 of 573 (37.5) 45 of 97 (46.4) 0.097
Activated partial thromboplastin time > 42 s 210 of 495 (42.4) 171 of 423 (40.4) 39 of 72 (54.2) 0.029
D-dimer > 0.5 mg/l 512 of 661 (77.5) 424 of 563 (75.3) 88 of 98 (89.8) 0.002
Procalcitonin ≥ 0.5 ng/ml 61 of 620 (9.8) 37 of 538 (6.9) 24 of 82 (29.3) <0.001
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥ 10 mg/l 560 of 675 (83.0) 478 of 581 (82.3) 82 of 94 (87.2) 0.235
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 15 mm/h 541 of 663 (81.6) 463 of 568 (81.5) 78 of 95 (82.1) 0.891
Alanine aminotransferase, U/l 35 ± 38 36 ± 40 32 ± 29 0.206
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/l 42 ± 42 41 ± 43 47 ± 33 0.142
Total bilirubin, mmol/l 12 ± 23 11 ± 7 21 ± 57 0.061
Lactose dehydrogenase, U/l 377 ± 195 364 ± 180 458 ± 254 0.001
Creatinine kinase, U/l 164 ± 233 149 ± 185 257 ± 410 0.108
Sodium, mmol/l 139 ± 5 138 ± 5 139 ± 7 0.373
Potassium, mmol/l 4.2 ± 0.7 4.2 ± 0.7 4.5 ± 0 .7 <0.001
Proteinuria
 Negative 248 of 442 (56.1) 232 of 389 (59.6) 16 of 53 (30.2) <0.001
 1+ 149 of 442 (33.7) 128 of 389 (32.9) 21 of 53 (39.6)
 2+∼3+ 45 of 442 (10.2) 29 of 389 (7.5) 16 of 53 (30.2)
Hematuria
 Negative 324 of 442 (73.3) 299 of 389 (76.9) 25 of 53 (47.2) <0.001
 1+ 68 of 442 (15.4) 52 of 389 (13.4) 16 of 53 (133.3)
 2+∼3+ 50 of 442 (11.3) 38 of 389 (9.8) 12 of 53 (22.6)
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/l 5.7 ± 3.9 4.8 ± 2.3 11 ± 7 <0.001
Serum creatinine, μmol/l 77 ± 31 68 ± 16 132 ± 39 <0.001
eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 87 ± 23 94 ± 17 48 ± 13 <0.001
Peak serum creatinine, μmol/l 91 ± 67 79 ± 48 163 ± 109 <0.001
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Data are presented as number/total (percentage) or mean ± SD.