As important as their initial interaction with pathogens as is the role of DCs and macrophages in recruitment and coordination of the wider immune response. Much of this stems from the production of cytokines and chemokines, and the influence these have on the recruitment and activation of other cell types. However, AMs must first initiate this process first through recruitment of macrophages (and monocytes) and then DCs. The production of macrophage chemotactic protein 1, after phagocytosis of cryptococci in a rat model of chronic pulmonary cryptococcosis, demonstrates an important step in the initiation of a successful granulomatous response (He et al., 2003). Similarly, CCR2 is required for the recruitment of DCs in response to cryptococcal infection and in CCR2 deficient mice the inflammatory T cell immune response is immediately disrupted (Osterholzer et al., 2008). Interestingly, in absence of DCs, in CCR2 deficient mice, there was an increase in the number of macrophages observed (Osterholzer et al., 2008). The increase in macrophage numbers may be a direct response to the failure to transition to the next stage of immune control (i.e. a failure to dampen the macrophage recruitment signal) or may be macrophages responding directly to maintain control of the cryptococcal infection.