Figure 3 shows a summary comparison of empirical and permuted cohort results. Overall, 8.3% of the significant regions based on permuted CSS in five sets (i.e., 20 permuted cohorts) contained stature-associated loci (Figure 3) that was in agreement with the 7% expected by chance (Figure S3). On average, only 6.7% and 9.8% of significant regions of permuted CSS from European and African cohorts had stature-associated genes as compared to 77.8% and 29.4% of empirical regions, respectively.