The DASS questionnaire is subdivided into three subscales: (a) depression; (b) anxiety; and (c) stress. Each subscale contains 14 items (e.g., item for depression subscale: “I felt sad and depressed”; for anxiety subscale: “I felt terrified”; for stress subscale: “I found it difficult to relax”). The participants rated how often each emotional state applied to them over the last week on a four-point scale ranging from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me very much). The sum score of each subscale classifies the participants into one of five categories (normal, mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe).